The process involves the division by utilizing the FtsZ protein, including chromosomal replication, chromosomal segregation, and cell splitting. Most of the bacteria reproduce by this process.Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, transfer bacterial DNA from previously infected bacteria to any additional bacteria that they infect.Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are divided by binary fission. Transduction involves the exchange of bacterial DNA through viral infection.The DNA is transported across the bacterial cell membrane and incorporated into the bacterial cell's DNA. In transformation, bacteria take up DNA from their surrounding environment.Genes are transferred between bacteria through the pilus. In conjugation, bacteria connect through a protein tube structure called a pilus.Recombination is accomplished in bacterial reproduction by the processes of conjugation, transformation, or transduction. In recombination, genes from one prokaryote are incorporated into the genome of another prokaryote. Genetic variation within prokaryotic organisms is accomplished through recombination. The tubes connecting the bacteria are pili, which are used to transfer genetic material between bacteria. These light-absorbing pigments enable photosynthetic bacteria to obtain nutrition from light.įalse-color transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of an Escherichia coli bacterium (bottom right) conjugating with two other E.coli bacteria. Similar to plants and algae, some prokaryotes also have photosynthetic pigments. This is the layer where bacteria produce biofilm, a slimy substance that helps bacterial colonies adhere to surfaces and to each other for protection against antibiotics, chemicals, and other hazardous substances. Some bacteria also have a polysaccharide capsule layer surrounding the cell wall. Like plant cells, bacteria have a cell wall. According to the Endosymbiotic Theory, eukaryotic organelles are thought to have evolved from prokaryotic cells living in endosymbiotic relationships with one another. Prokaryotic cells lack organelles found in eukaryoitic cells such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticuli, and Golgi complexes.
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